United States Patent Application: 0110294906
The University of Kentucky innovation in Coal liquefaction technology we report herein is one which, for us, requires a little interpretation; and, we'll do our best to take a stab at it.
We have made many reports of indirect Coal conversion processes - - designed to convert Coal, first, into a synthesis gas blend of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen, with subsequent catalytic chemical condensation of the synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbons - - which are founded on the nearly ancient Fischer-Tropsch technology employed by Germany, during World War II, to make liquid hydrocarbon fuels out of Coal.
A concise history and explanation is accessible via:
Fischer–Tropsch process - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; wherein we're told, in very brief sum, that "The Fischer–Tropsch process (or Fischer–Tropsch synthesis) is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons (and, is a) component of ... technology (that) produces a synthetic lubrication oil and synthetic fuel, typically from coal".
And, a more detailed description of the basic chemical process itself is available via:
West Virginia Coal Association | Fischer & Tropsch Awarded 1930 US CoalTL Patent | Research & Development; concerning: "US Patent 1,746,464 - Process for the Production of Paraffin-Hydrocarbons; 1930; Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch - Germany".
The basic Fischer-Tropsch process - - involving the incomplete, or limited, oxidation of Coal; potentially along with, as seen in:
Exxon Co-Gasifies Coal and Carbon-Recycling Biomass | Research & Development; concerning: "United States Patent Application 20100083575 - Co-gasification Process for Hydrocarbon Solids and Biomass; 2010; Assignee: ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company; Abstract: A process for the co-gasification of carbonaceous solids (coal) and biomass ... wherein the solid carbonaceous particles comprise coal (and) wherein the biomass comprises biological matter selected from wood, plant matter, municipal waste, green waste, byproducts of farming or food processing waste, sewage sludge, black liquor from wood pulp, and algae";
a lot of other, renewable and Carbon-recycling, raw materials - - can lead to the production of more Carbon Monoxide than can be reacted with the Hydrogen that is produced during the gasification process.
One solution most commonly proposed and employed is inclusion of an integral "water gas shift reaction" in the process sequence:
Water gas shift reaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; "The water-gas shift reaction (WGS) is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen";
which, unfortunately, results in the co-production of Carbon Dioxide; which WGS-generated CO2 spurs one of the primary cries of alarm raised by Coal liquefaction obstructionists - who really don't want Coal, or Coal people, to succeed at anything. .
We note that even that co-produced Carbon Dioxide can be catalytically reacted with Hydrogen, as in:
West Virginia Coal Association | British Petroleum Converts CO2-Containing Syngas to Alcohol | Research & Development; "United States Patent 6,903,140 - Fischer-Tropsch Process; 2005; Assignee: BP Exploration Operating Company, et. al., London; Abstract: Process for the conversion of synthesis gas to a product comprising liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates. The process includes contacting synthesis gas at an elevated temperature and pressure with a mixed particulate catalyst comprising a mixture of a particulate Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and a particulate oxygenate synthesis catalyst. A process ... wherein the ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the synthesis gas is in the range of 20:1 to 0.1:1 by volume (and) wherein the synthesis gas comprises 5 to 40% by volume of carbon dioxide";
although, the result will be preferentially more alcohols, i.e., "oxygenates", and, more Hydrogen than is generated by the initial gasification even in combination with the WGS will be required to effect the conversion of both the Carbon Monoxide and the Carbon Dioxide.
The Hydrogen deficit can be overcome to a certain extent by adapting the initial gasification process to enable the inclusion of Steam into the mix of gases with which the Coal and other, renewable, Carbon resources are gasified, as seen in:
Texaco 1951 Coal + CO2 + H2O + O2 = Syngas | Research & Development; concerning: "United States Patent 2,558,746 - Carbon Monoxide and Other Gases from Carbonaceous Materials; 1951; Assignee: The Texas Company; Abstract: This invention relates to a process and apparatus for the generation of gases comprising carbon monoxide from carbonaceous materials. In one of its more specific aspects it relates to a process and apparatus for the generation of a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, suitable as a feed for the synthesis of hydrocarbons, from powdered coal. An object of this invention is to provide a process for the generation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (and) to provide a process particularly suited to the generation of a feed gas for the synthesis of hydrocarbons from coal. In the gasification of carbonaceous material with oxygen, particularly solid fuels, the reaction between oxygen and fuel results in the production of carbon dioxide ... . The oxidation reaction, being highly exothermic, releases large quantities of heat. The carbon dioxide, so produced, in contact with hot carbon, in turn, reacts with the carbon to produce carbon monoxide. Steam also reacts with heated carbon to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen".
But, especially when, as above, Carbon Dioxide, as recovered from whatever source, is included in the mix of initial gasification reactants, the amount of Hydrogen available will still be a little shy of what is needed to effect a full conversion.
That Hydrogen deficit can be overcome by simply supplementing the synthesis gas with additional Hydrogen, as we can efficiently extract from water or steam via a process like that seen in our report of:
West Virginia Coal Association | USDOE Efficient Hydrogen from Water | Research & Development; concerning: "United States Patent 4,180,555 - Producing Hydrogen from Water Using Cobalt and Barium Compounds; 1979: Assignee: The United States of America; Abstract: A thermochemical process for producing hydrogen comprises the step of reacting CoO with BaO or Ba(OH)2 in the presence of steam to produce H2".
Or, additional Hydrogen, for the preferential synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons and alcohols, can be had via a process like that disclosed herein.
Note that the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis results not only in the production of liquid hydrocarbons, but of gaseous ones, as well, with Methane being the most representative of the lot.
Any co-produced Methane can, of course, be utilized in a process like that seen in:
Pittsburgh 1941 CO2 + Methane = Hydrocarbon Syngas | Research & Development; concerning: "United States Patent 2,266,989 - Manufacture of a Gas from CO2 and Methane; 1941; Assignee: Koppers Company, Pittsburgh, PA; Abstract: The present invention relates to the manufacture of gases suitable for the synthesis of higher hydrocarbons or the like, said gases containing definite volumes of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a certain proportion, by reacting on methane ... with carbon dioxide or a mixture of carbon dioxide and steam, so that the methane ... is decomposed into hydrogen and carbon monoxide";
where it can be reacted with even more Carbon Dioxide, again as recovered from whatever handy source, with both being converted though such reactions into more hydrocarbon synthesis gas.
Or, such co-produced Methane can be utilized as disclosed herein by the University of Kentucky, as a source of additional Hydrogen with which to supplement the hydrocarbon synthesis gas made from Coal.
As seen in excerpts from the initial link in this dispatch to:
"US Patent Application 20110294906 - Incorporation of Catalytic Dehydrogenation into Fischer-Tropsch
Synthesis to Lower Carbon Dioxide Emissions
(INCORPORATION OF CATALYTIC DEHYDROGENATION INTO FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS TO LOWER CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS - Huffman, Gerald )
Date: December, 2011
Inventor: Gerald P. Huffman
(Gerald P. Huffman, Ph.D. - Chemical and Materials Engineering; "Professor; Research Areas: Liquefaction of Waste Materials, such as waste plastics and tires, and the Coliquefaction of Waste Materials with Coal; University of Kentucky, College of Engineering; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering."
As we've previously noted, the ultimate Assignee of Rights to United States Patents is often not identified in early published versions of United States Patent Applications. In this case, the Assignee will likely be the University of Kentucky.)
Abstract: A method for producing liquid fuels includes the steps of gasifying a starting material selected from a group consisting of coal, biomass, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof to produce a syngas, subjecting that syngas to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to produce a hydrocarbon product stream, separating that hydrocarbon product stream into C1-C4 hydrocarbons and C5+ hydrocarbons to be used as liquid fuels and subjecting the C1-C4 hydrocarbons to catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) to produce hydrogen and carbon nanotubes. The hydrogen produced by CDH is recycled to be mixed with the syngas incident to the FTS reactor in order to raise the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio of the syngas to values of 2 or higher, which is required to produce liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This is accomplished with little or no production of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The carbon is captured in the form of a potentially valuable by-product, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), while huge emissions of carbon dioxide are avoided and very large quantities of water employed for the water-gas shift in traditional FTS systems are saved.
(The byproduct "C1-C4 hydrocarbons", of which Methane is likely to be the most major constituent, are being reacted via "catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) to produce hydrogen and carbon nanotubes".
First, the "catalytic dehydrogenation" of Methane, and/or other low-molecular weight hydrocarbons, is a technical process that the University of Kentucky has already established, as seen in:
"United States Patent: 6875417 - Catalytic Conversion of Hydrocarbons to Hydrogen and High-Value Carbon
Catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons to hydrogen and high-value carbon - University of Kentucky Research Foundation
Date: April, 2005
Inventor: Naresh Shah and Devadas Panjala, KY and OK
Assignee: University of Kentucky Research Foundation, Lexington
Abstract: The present invention provides novel catalysts for accomplishing catalytic decomposition of undiluted light hydrocarbons to a hydrogen product, and methods for preparing such catalysts. In one aspect, a method is provided for preparing a catalyst by admixing an aqueous solution of an iron salt, at least one additional catalyst metal salt, and a suitable oxide substrate support, and precipitating metal oxyhydroxides onto the substrate support. An incipient wetness method, comprising addition of aqueous solutions of metal salts to a dry oxide substrate support, extruding the resulting paste to pellet form, and calcining the pellets in air is also discloses. In yet another aspect, a process is provided for producing hydrogen from an undiluted light hydrocarbon reactant, comprising contacting the hydrocarbon reactant with a catalyst as described above in a reactor, and recovering a substantially carbon monoxide-free hydrogen product stream. In still yet another aspect, a process is provided for catalytic decomposition of an undiluted light hydrocarbon reactant to obtain hydrogen and a valuable multi-walled carbon nanotube coproduct."
This invention was made with Government support under Dept. of Energy grant DE-FC26-99FT40540. The Government may have certain rights in this invention."
So, an integral "CDH" process is not some mythical or speculative technique. It is real an can be applied, as in the process of our subject, "US Patent Application 20110294906", to supply additional Hydrogen from any co-produced Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) Methane.)
Claims: A method of producing liquid fuels, comprising: gasifying a starting material selected from a group consisting of coal, biomass, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof to produce a syngas; subjecting said syngas to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to produce a hydrocarbon product stream; separating said hydrocarbon product stream into C1-C4 hydrocarbons and C5+ hydrocarbons used as liquid fuels; subjecting said C1-C4 hydrocarbons to catalytic dehydrogenation to produce hydrogen and carbon nanotubes; and recycling said hydrogen to mix with the syngas produced in the gasifier to yield a syngas with a hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio of 2 or higher, for FTS of liquid fuels.
(Note, that, as in the above claim, the "carbon nanotubes" co-produced during the extraction of Hydrogen from Fischer-Tropsch Methane, can be directed back to the initial gasification, where they would be blended with the Coal and the Biomass. Our instinct here is that, unless the extra Carbon is actually removed from the system, some material imbalances would occur. The "nanotubes" are being made, via synthesis and subsequent decomposition of Methane, from the Carbon - - Coal and Biomass - - coming into the system; and, if the percentage of Carbon passing through the gasifier to come from nanotubes is to remain the same, then some nanotubes will have to be withdrawn for other purposes, as seems confirmed in following claims. And, they do have commercial value, as can be learned via:
Nanotubes and their Applications; and:
Potential applications of carbon nanotubes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
We'll have more to offer on their value potential following the excerpts.)
The method ... including recycling some of said carbon nanotubes produced by catalytic dehydrogenation as said starting material and adding said hydrogen produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of the C1-C4 hydrocarbons to said syngas prior to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
The method ... including using a starting material comprising between about 80 and about 90 weight percent coal, between about 10 and about 20 weight percent biomass and between about 10 and about 20 weight percent carbon nanotubes.
The method ... including selecting said biomass from a group of materials consisting of wood wastes, agricultural wastes, and switchgrass.
(http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pavi2.pdf "(USDA) Plant Fact Sheet: Switchgrass";
Plentiful switch grass emerges as breakthrough biofuel | The San Diego Union-Tribune.
Switchgrass is a good candidate, it seems, both since it makes a high percentage of organic compounds that are well-suited for conversion processes and can be made to grow well in non-agricultural, even "waste", environments. It is a good "crop" for land reclamation projects.)
The method ... including using multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
A liquid fuel production facility, comprising: a gasification unit to produce a syngas from a starting material selected from a group consisting of coal, biomass, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof; a Fischer-Tropsch unit downstream from said gasification unit to produce a hydrocarbon product stream from said syngas, said hydrocarbon product stream including C1-C4 hydrocarbons and C5+ hydrocarbons used as liquid fuels; a catalytic dehydrogenation unit downstream from said separator unit to produce hydrogen gas and carbon nanotubes from said C1-C4 hydrocarbons; and a mixing unit downstream from the gasifier and the catalytic dehydrogenation unit which uniformly mixes hydrogen from the CDH unit and syngas from the gasification unit to produce modified syngas with significantly enhanced H2/CO ratios.
The facility ... further including a separation unit between said Fischer-Tropsch unit and said catalytic dehydrogenation unit to separate said hydrocarbon product stream into C1-C4 hydrocarbons and C5+ hydrocarbons used as liquid fuels.
Background and Field: The present invention relates generally to the production of synthetic fuels and, more particularly, to a modified and improved Fischer-Tropsch reaction that more economically produces useful synthetic hydrocarbon fuels while advantageously reducing carbon dioxide by-products of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process.
The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a process by which synthetic gas or syngas, comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted into liquid hydrocarbon fuels like synthetic diesel and jet fuel. Prior to the FTS process, the coal (and/or) biomass feed stocks are gasified using intense heat and pressure in order to produce the syngas for the FTS process. The synthetic fuels resulting from the FTS process advantageously increase energy diversity. They also burn cleanly and thus hold the promise of improved environmental performance.
Currently there is a greatly renewed interest in large scale development of FTS plants to convert coal, biomass and other feed stocks into liquid fuels. While state of the art FTS processes produce a very clean fuel, they also, unfortunately, produce significant emissions of carbon dioxide. This is because coal-derived syngas typically only has H2/CO ratios in the range of approximately 0.6 to 1.1, dependent on the method of gasification and the ratio of steam to oxygen used to oxidize the coal or other feedstocks in the gasification unit.
State of the art FTS technology relies on the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction to raise the hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio (H2/CO) of the syngas to values of 2.0 or higher that are needed for the FTS process.
This, unfortunately, produces one CO2 molecule for each H2 molecule added to the syngas.
(Again, if we need to add Hydrogen "H2" "to the syngas", there are, as seen in:
More NASA Hydrogen from Water and Sunlight | Research & Development; concerning: "United States Patent 4,051,005 - Photolytic Production of Hydrogen; 1977; Assignee: United Technologies Corporation; Government Interests: The invention described herein was made in the course of a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration";
some ways to go about getting it that don't generate anything but Oxygen in terms of byproducts; and, which rely only on freely-available environmental energy to drive the processes. The option being presented by our subject, "United States Patent Application 20110294906 - Incorporation of Catalytic Dehydrogenation into Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis to Lower Carbon Dioxide Emissions", is not the only one. But, the other options would entail the expense of supplying Hydrogen from an independent source to improve and optimize the ratios of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide in the synthesis gas.)
The present invention relates to a modified and improved FTS process wherein the carbon byproduct produced by the FTS process is in the form of potentially valuable carbon multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) instead of environmentally troubling carbon dioxide. Thus, the present invention represents a significant advance in the art allowing for the more efficient, effective, economical and environmentally friendly manufacture of synthetic fuels as an alternative fuel supply.
Summary: In accordance with the purposes of the present invention as described herein, an improved method is provided of producing liquid fuels. That method comprises the steps of gasifying a starting material selected from a group consisting of coal, biomass, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof to produce a syngas, subjecting that syngas to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to produce a hydrocarbon product stream, separating that hydrocarbon product stream into gaseous C1-C4 hydrocarbons and C5+ hydrocarbons used as liquid fuels and subjecting the C1-C4 hydrocarbons to catalytic de-hydrogenation to produce hydrogen and carbon nanotubes, which are in the form of multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT).
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a liquid fuel production facility is provided. The liquid fuel production facility comprises:
(1) a gasification unit to produce a syngas from a starting material selected from a group consisting of coal, biomass, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof,
(2) a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) unit downstream from said gasification unit to produce a hydrocarbon product stream from said syngas,
(3) an optional separation unit downstream from said Fischer-Tropsch unit to separate the hydrocarbon product stream into C1-C4 hydrocarbons and C5+ hyrdrocarbons used as liquid fuels,
(4) a catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) unit downstream from the separator unit to produce hydrogen gas and carbon nanotubes from the C1-C4 hydrocarbons, and:
(5) a mixing unit to mix the hydrogen from the CDH unit with the syngas from the CDH unit with the incident syngas from the gasification unit.
Any known method of gasification may be used in the present method. However, methods of gasification that produce a H2--CO ratio for the coal-derived syngas of 0.8 to 1.0 or higher are preferred. Of course, it is known in the art that the ratio may vary greatly from, for example, 0.5 to 1.5, depending on the oxidizing gas used to convert the coal to syngas and the type of gasification reactor. Normally, the oxidizing gas is a mixture of oxygen or air and steam. Higher steam content tends to enhance the hydrogen content of the syngas.
The current method may also use any known method for FTS processing. Currently, the fixed-bed tubular reactor (FBTR) is favored by Sasol, the South African company that leads the world in the commercial development of FTS liquid transportation fuel production.
(Concerning "Sasol", as above, see, for just one example:
West Virginia Coal Association | US EPA 1974 Coal to $15 per Barrel Gasoline | Research & Development; concerning: "A SASOL Type Process for Gasoline, Methanol, Synthetic Natural Gas and Low-Btu Gas from Coal; EPA-650/2-74-072; Prepared for: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Washington, D.C.; 1974; This report gives results of a study to assess costs and feasibility of manufacturing gasoline, methanol, Substitute Natural Gas and low-Btu gas from Coal, using the SASOL-type process.")
No matter which FTS processing method is used, it is beneficial to complete the FTS processing at temperatures of approximately 200-300C using a Cobalt-based FTS catalyst in order to produce fairly high yields of C1-C.4 product. The use of an Fe-based FTS catalyst is not favored since Fe is an excellent water-gas shift (WGS) catalyst, a reaction which produces large quantities of carbon dioxide.
The separation of the C1-C4 product stream from the C5+ product stream may be accomplished by distillation processes of a type well known in the art and currently used extensively by all oil refining companies.
With respect to catalytic dehydrogenation of the C.sub.1-C.sub.4 production stream, substantially any catalytic dehydrogenation process known in the art may be utilized. One particularly useful catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) process is disclosed in issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,417, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
(As in our above comments, with a link to "USP 6,875,417 - Catalytic Conversion of Hydrocarbons to Hydrogen and High-Value Carbon".)
This catalytic dehydrogenation process includes the step of passing the C1-C4 hydrocarbons over a catalyst comprising a binary Fe-based alloy catalyst on one of several types of supports. Currently, a basic support is favored because cleaning the carbon nanotubes is more easily accomplished due to the fact that basic supports are easily dissolved in a dilute acid solution.
It should be appreciated that the method of the present invention may also include the step of recycling some of the carbon nanotubes produced by catalytic dehydrogenation back to the gasifier and using those as feed stock or starting material to replace some of the coal. Generally, the starting material used in the process comprises between about 80 and about 90 weight percent coal between about 10 and about 20 weight percent carbon nanotubes and between about 10 and about 20 weight percent biomass.
Types of coal useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite. Biomass materials useful as a starting material or feed stock in the present process may be selected from a group of materials including but not limited to wood wastes, agricultural waste materials, and switchgrass.
Numerous benefits result from employing the concepts of the present invention. It is estimated that a 50,000 bbl/day liquid fuel production facility constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention would yield approximately 2,315 tons of multi-walled carbon nanotubes per day. The multi-walled carbon nanotube byproduct of the process may be sold on the market or recycled as a feed stock or starting material for the process. If only 10% of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes produced by the present process are sold at $0.25 per pound and the remainder are recycled to the gasifier as a feed stock replacing part of the coal, the added plant revenue would be approximately $200,000.00 per day. Advantageously, the converting of the carbon byproduct of the process to multi-walled carbon nanotubes avoids emissions of approximately 14,350 tons/day (5,237,750 tons/yr) of CO2 and prevents the use of approximately 5,900 tons of water per day (2,153,500 tons/yr) for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction used to produce hydrogen in prior art FTS processes."
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Again, other processes, aside from the WGS, are available to provide low-cost Hydrogen in ways that don't involve the co-production of Carbon Dioxide; or, as in the process of "USP 6,875,417", the co-production of Carbon nanotubes through the consumption of byproduct FTS Methane, which would itself have, as we noted, commercial value.
But, balancing out the Carbon load in the gasifier, by selling some of the nanotubes, to earn an additional "$200,000.00 per day" income stream, which would subsidize the cost of, as per the US EPA cited above, making "Gasoline, Methanol, Synthetic Natural Gas and Low-Btu Gas from Coal", is an attractive option.
And, the nanotubes do have intriguing potentials, above and beyond those cited above. For instance, as can be learned via:
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/research/zhu/papers/CNT/Small-CNT-fiber.pdf; concerning:
"Strong Carbon-Nanotube Fibers Spun from Long Carbon-Nanotube Arrays; Xiefei Zhang, et. al., Materials Physics and Application Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory (and) First Nano, a Division of CVD Equipment Corporation; The superior mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) mean they have been regarded as a new material with the potential to revolutionize and enable many advanced technologies. CNTs have extremely high tensile strength, high modulus ... low density, good chemical and environmental stability, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. These superior and unique properties make CNTs very attractive for many structural applications such as aerospace structures, body armors, and sporting goods. Early studies of CNT-reinforced nanocomposites showed that CNTs were effective fillers to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer matrices, but the reinforcement was limited by the quality of dispersion, CNT alignment, and load-transfer efficiency between the CNT and the matrix. The full reinforcement potential of CNTs has not yet been utilized in CNT composites. For the purpose of obtaining superior mechanical performance, researchers have recently focused on CNT fibers";
as the report goes on to reveal, the technology is being further developed to "spin" such micro-scale Carbon nanotubes into much larger, very strong, Carbon fibers, which can be utilized to enormously beneficial effect in a variety of high-performance, and high-value, composite materials; thus broadening the market for, and increasing the value of, by-product Carbon nanotubes, that, as per the University of Kentucky herein, not only dramatically reduce the Carbon Dioxide emissions from a facility that converts Coal and CO2-recycling biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels, but, already, has the potential to increase the income stream generated by such a Coal-conversion facility by "$200,000.00 per day".
That, of course, would be in addition to, according, as above, to the US EPA, all of the "Gasoline, Methanol" and "Synthetic Natural Gas" being made, as the main products, from Coal, without emitting much, if any, Carbon Dioxide.
Sounds like all of that would pay for a lot of Coal Country jobs, doesn't it?
We wonder why no one seems to like to talk about it, and other stuff like it, all that much, if at all, publicly; especially in the heart of US Coal Country.
Don't you?
